Altaic etymology : Query result

Comments: KW 46, Martin 237. Despite Doerfer's skepticism (TMN 2, 311), Ramstedt's comparison still holds. Low tone in Jpn. is perhaps due to contraction (it does not match either Kor. or *b- in Mong.).

Proto-Altaic: *pĭ̀ŋa ( ~ *p`-)

Meaning: to separate, emit

Russian meaning: отделять, испускать

Tungus-Manchu: *piŋta-

Japanese: *pànà-

Comments: A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *pĭ́rò (~ b-)

Meaning: beak, nose

Russian meaning: клюв, нос

Turkic: *burun (*burɨn)

Korean: *pūrì

Japanese: *kútí-(n)-pírù

Comments: Whitman 1985, 191, АПиПЯЯ 283, Лексика 215. Turk. *bur- must be a secondary assimilation < *bɨr-.

Proto-Altaic: *pĭ̀sa ( ~ p`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to insert, press between

Russian meaning: вставлять, зажимать с двух сторон

Tungus-Manchu: *pisa-

Korean: *ps-kì'ú-

Japanese: *pàsàm-

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Mergers of this root with *pằsi and *p`i̯úsa q. v. were possible.

Proto-Altaic: *pisV ( ~ p`-, -i̯a-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: seed, grain

Russian meaning: семя, зерно

Tungus-Manchu: *pise-

Korean: *psí

Comments: EAS 54, 82, SKE 231, Цинциус 1984, 40, Lee 1958, 110, АПиПЯЯ 296. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Since the TM forms meaning "millet" go back to the same root, the second of Ramstedt's etymologies (SKE 214, comparison with Kor. phi 'millet') should be rejected. In Kor. cf. also psắr '(fine) rice' (see Lee 1958, 109).

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯áge ( ~ p`-)

Meaning: a k. of weed, panicum

Russian meaning: вид сорной травы, просо

Tungus-Manchu: *pig-

Korean: *phí

Japanese: *píjái

Comments: An Eastern isogloss. Kor. phí < *pìhí (with vowel reduction).

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ắlagV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: fortress, group of houses

Russian meaning: крепость, группа домов

Turkic: *bialɨk

Mongolian: *balaga-sun

Tungus-Manchu: *palVga

Japanese: *pái

Comments: EAS 56, KW 31, Владимирцов 147-148, ОСНЯ 3, 91-92, Sinor 1981 (listing all forms but considering the Turkic word to be borrowed from Ugric), Дыбо 15, Мудрак Дисс. 194. Despite TMN 1, 216, 2, 258, Щербак 1997, 104 the Mong. form is hardly borrowed from Turk. Jpn. *pá-i presupposes a form *pi̯ắl(a)-gV = TM *palVga etc. Note that this is a case of monophthongization after *p- in TM (cf. similarly *pi̯àri, *pi̯ā̀ki).

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ànà ( ~ *p`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: face (colour), colour

Russian meaning: цвет лица, цвет

Tungus-Manchu: *pian-

Korean: *s-pám

Comments: A TM-Kor. isogloss. One of the cases of prefixed *s- in body parts in Korean (cf. *s-pjǝ́ 'bone', *s-pɨ́r 'horn', *s-kòrí 'tail').

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯api ( ~ *p`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of small bird

Russian meaning: вид мелкой птицы

Tungus-Manchu: *piabi

Korean: *pjǝ̄p-sāi

Japanese: *pipa

Comments: An onomatopoeic Eastern isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯àri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: finger, finger width (measure)

Russian meaning: палец, ширина пальца (мера)

Turkic: *biarŋak

Tungus-Manchu: *pargan

Korean: *pắr

Japanese: *pia

Comments: Whitman 1985, 153-154, 210 (Kor.-Jpn.). Jpn. *pia < *pi̯àr(i)-ga (cf. TM *par-ga-) or < *pi̯àr(i)-ŋa (cf. PT *biar-ŋa-k). For the reflex *-a- in TM see notes to *pi̯ắlagV. The original meaning is 'finger, finger width', whence 'bedding, layer ("one finger thick")'. Such a combination of meanings is still clearly seen in TM (without which the Turkic and Jpn.-Kor. forms would be hardly comparable).

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ằt`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to suffer

Russian meaning: страдать

Turkic: *b(i)at

Mongolian: *hataɣa-

Tungus-Manchu: *pita-

Japanese: *pǝ̀tǝ̀p- / *pùtùk-

Comments: OJ pǝtǝ-pǝ-r- and PM *hata-ɣa- may reflect a common derivative *pi̯ằt`è-p`V.

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ā̀ki

Meaning: liver

Russian meaning: печень

Turkic: *biagɨr

Tungus-Manchu: *pākin

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 45, 286, Мудрак Дисс. 196-197, Лексика 278. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss, demonstrating again the rule of monophthongization in PTM after *p- (see *pi̯ắlagV, *pi̯àri).

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ā́t`e

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: tough; swift

Russian meaning: прочный, крепкий; быстрый

Turkic: *biāt

Mongolian: *bat-

Tungus-Manchu: *pit(a)

Korean: *patɨk / *potɨk

Comments: Poppe 51, KW 36, PKE 146-147. The Kor. form is expressive and not quite regular.

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ŏ̀ka

Meaning: a k. of weed

Russian meaning: вид сорной травы

Turkic: *bakɨr

Mongolian: *(h)agi

Tungus-Manchu: *puka

Korean: *phá ( ~ *páh)

Japanese: *pàkuá-

Comments: Дыбо 11. Kor. *phá < *puhá ~ *păhá with usual vowel reduction. The Turkic forms are very scantily attested and somewhat dubious (one would rather expect *bagɨr).

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯óko

Meaning: buttock

Russian meaning: зад, ягодица

Mongolian: *bögse

Tungus-Manchu: *pika

Comments: A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. High tone can be reconstructed because of Mong. *b-.

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ŏ́ltorV (/-ld-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of small bird

Russian meaning: вид небольшой птицы

Turkic: *bɨldur- (*buldɨr-)

Mongolian: *bolǯir- / *boldur-

Tungus-Manchu: *pilti-

Korean: *pìtùrí

Japanese: *pàtuâ

Comments: Martin 228, Лексика 174. An expressive root with not quite precise correspondences (like in many bird names). Vocalism is rather hard to reconstruct: in PT we have to assume a secondary delabialization (*buldɨr- > *bɨldur-). Note velar suffixation in several Turkic and Mongolian forms; the PJ form also may go back to *pi̯oltor-ga > *pi̯oltoɣa > *patua.

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯óro(-k`V) ( ~ -i̯u-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: wrinkle, callosity

Russian meaning: морщина, мозоль

Turkic: *burkɨ

Mongolian: *boruɣa

Tungus-Manchu: *pirki- ( ~ -ü-)

Comments: A Western isogloss. High tone may be reconstructed because of Mong. *b-. Reflected are forms with different suffixes (*pi̯oro-k`V and *pi̯oro-gV).

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯ósò

Meaning: stairway, step (of stairs)

Russian meaning: лестница, ступенька

Turkic: *bAs-kɨč

Mongolian: *bosuga

Tungus-Manchu: *pise-

Japanese: *pásì

Comments: In PT *bos- would be expected; the root had changed to *bas- probably because of the folk-etymological resemblance to *bas- 'press'. Cf. *bi̯ási 'penthouse'.